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Recognition receptors are proteins on the surface of immune cells that identify specific molecules (antigens) to trigger an immune response. These receptors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), play a key role in distinguishing between self and non-self molecules, recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microorganisms. Examples include Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which detect bacterial and viral components, and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), which sense intracellular threats. These receptors initiate signaling pathways that activate immune cells, leading to an immune response against pathogens or damaged cells.
T-cell immune checkpoints are molecules on T-cells that regulate their activity to prevent overactivation of the immune system, which could lead to autoimmune responses. These checkpoints include inhibitory molecules such as PD-1, CTLA-4, and LAG-3, which act as "brakes" on immune responses. They play a critical role in preventing immune-mediated damage to tissues but can also be exploited by cancer cells to evade immune detection. Checkpoint inhibitors are used in immunotherapy to block these molecules, allowing T-cells to attack cancer cells more effectively.
